Summary

This concurrent session was held to discuss about cooperation between developing and developed countries. A variety of topics were presented by the chair and amongst speakers.

There was an issue of current mechanisms that has been evoked to promote technology transfer were not effectively working. Suggestion for establishing new mechanisms and alternative options for technology transfer was introduced by speakers. There was also discussion on reforming existing mechanisms. With the consideration of several projects been effective, amount of projects to promote technology transfer had been somewhat insufficient overall. There is also an issue of commitment to mechanisms such as funding and joint project. Some countries may have little to no interest on participate in a joint project and mechanism if their carbon emission, for instance, had been extremely low. Every project has uncertainties and risks that it may or may not work. Thus, development of new mechanisms and alternative options for every country can attain benefit of such joint projects may be a necessary task.

Another important discussion during this session was the difficulty of setting carbon caps correctly as well as designing the regulation for the trade. Some countries have experienced difficulty of attaining political support, and some countries have just abandoned it even though it is good in principle. It is difficult to get large number of politicians to involve in a long term problem with the consideration of reelection.

Human capacity and competence building were another topic discussed among speakers. There is currently no effective structure of technology transfer in place that promotes human capacity and competence building. A missing component currently is that there is no method on how to measure the success once the technology is transferred, and how to define its success. A notion of appropriate technology and its transfer is important factor to increase human capacity, and this appropriateness can foster the success of technology transfer and abovementioned mechanisms.

Missing a social innovation of demand side was brought up during the session since innovation, majority of the time, has derived from industry and supply side. It is difficult to make unified and harmonized system to promote a mechanism for innovation. Previously mentioned, it takes a complex process for various stakeholders to involve in a long term actions. Several subjects such as energy efficiency and conservation, in fact, make sense to discuss on demand side.

A topic of international governance and open standards through aligning various interests were discussed. Innovative approaches on standardization of containerization and system of how to do banking transfer and open standards of other cases of that kind were introduced. Evolution of governance usually occurred at global level with the use of example from World Wide Web; however, the private sector can develop a standardization and open standard of a system in an innovative manner. But, tragedy of commons is still a major obstacle in global governance and establishes innovative approaches.

Lastly, a missing concept of social science like demography and geography related to climate change was discussed. A view of concerns in a pessimistic approach and opposing perspective of optimism can find each subject in a different manner, and thus, reaching a middle ground is a key factor to step forward of innovation among stakeholders.